文章标题：GA inhibits CA9-mediated SMAD pathway to attenuate colon cancer metastasis and progression
作者列表：Zhixin Zhang, Gang Cao, Lili Liang, Jinxuan Guo, Dandan Cheng, Zijian Zhao
期刊：Letters in Drug Design & Discovery
发表时间：2026-1-15
影响因子：1.6
DOI:10.1016/j.lddd.2026.100273
主要研究成果：Abstract
Background
Colon cancer is a malignant tumor of the digestive tract associated with high morbidity and mortality. Currently, recurrence after surgery is often the ultimate cause of death in colon cancer. Gambogic acid (GA) has demonstrated anti-tumor efficacy against multiple cancers. Moreover, the expression of carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) expression is correlated with poor prognosis in various malignancies. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the roles and mechanisms of GA and CA9 in the progression and metastasis of colon cancer.
Methods
The cellular morphology was assessed by the microscope. Cell migration and invasion were examined using wound healing and transwell assays, respectively. Angiogenesis was measured using an angiogenesis assay. Reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot were performed to examine the expression of protein and mRNA. Lung metastases were monitored using an in vivo live imaging system. In vivo experiments, the number of pulmonary metastatic lesions was quantified by counting metastatic nodules on the lung surface and further examined by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining.
